Outside Reading #2: Editorial Review. 10.23.10

Outside Reading #2: Editorial paper

In Losing the Midterms, there may be winning by Peter Baker
Published on Oct. 23. 2010

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/weekinreview/24baker.html

In this article, Peter Beaker states that it might be beneficial for Barrack Obama to let House of Representatives take over by Republicans. He also argues that it may be even better for him if Senate falls to Republican. Baker starts his paper by saying that people should not make mistake of assuming that Obama do not want Democrats to win both House of Representative and Senate this year’s mid term election. Then he goes on by saying that if he were to lose both houses, he might have a better chance of reelecting as a president on 2012. He uses many quotes to accomplish his position.

One of the quotes that he put was “If the Republican capture both house and Senate, the odds of Obama winning in 2012 go up”; said by Steven M. Gillon, who is a professor of University of Oklahoma.

Then he uses historical examples to further support his argument. He said that Bill Clinton managed to win the reelection in 1994 because Republican took over the Congress. Also, he said that Harry S. Truman managed to get elected as the president by blaming his Republican congress for not making any progress toward reform.

One of the strengths that I see in this piece is strong diction. For example, he uses the word “hoarse” instead of “raspy” or “dry”, thus making the sentence more vivid for people. Another strength of this piece is many examples. Baker uses historical examples as well as quotes from educated people.

I see variety of sentences in this piece. He uses coordinate conjunctions as well as complex sentences. He also uses different punctuations such as semi colon and comma other than adding periods continuously.

One weakness that I witness in this piece is using many examples. It seems that he use many examples and quotes, but he rarely adds his own opinion, thus making this paper a bit more confusing. It is difficult to understand his position.

He seems to create his narrative voice by putting many quotes and dictions. He also put his own opinion about this issue rather than just putting quotes. He also seems to use syntax such as using variety of sentences and active voices. He rarely uses passive voice in this paper.  

I laud him for using this element. It has clearly impacted my response. I praise him for using many intellect vocabulary words and variety of sentence structures.

If this were an AP Essay, speaker would be appropriate for Baker uses 3^rd point of view, which is essential for AP essay. In addition, he uses variety of sentences and good diction.

Class note #5: Resubmitted (10/11/10- 10/22/10)

Class note #5: 10/11/10- 10/22/10

Tone: In Literature, is writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward the subject, the reader, or herself or himself.

l       May affect the mood/attitude of the poem

l       Described in “emotion”

l       An effect created by the author’s choices in techniques such as diction, syntax, and figurative language)

Ex: “Hooray! I’m going to get an ice cream” seems happier than “How horrible is it for me to get an ice cream!”

Voice: Speaker/Narrator’s PERSONALITY toward life, the world in general- may change if the character is “dynamic” (has double mind) but doesn’t change often.

l       Discussed in terms of character

l       An effect created by the author’s choices in techniques such as diction, syntax, and figurative language)

l       In order to identify the voice, ask this question to yourself, “What kind of person does the narrator sound like?”

l       The voice may be comic or tense

Style: Language conventions used to construct the story. Author’s “written personality”

(It does not reflect their own human beings, however.)

l       toward life, the world in general- may change if the character is “dynamic” (has double mind) but doesn’t change often.

l       Described in terms of character

l       An effect created by the author’s choices in techniques such as diction, syntax, and figurative language)

In Perrine’s Liteature…

Musical Device

Poet uses sound word

Alliteration: The repetition of initial consonant sounds.

Ex: Tried and true. First and Foremost

Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds.

Ex: Free and easy.

Consonance: The repetition of final consonant sounds.

Ex: Short and Sweet. Odds and Ends. First and Last.

http://ezinearticles.com/?Alliteration,-Assonance-and-Consonance&id=675686 is a great website that gives examples of consonance, alliteration, and consonance.

Approximate Rhymes (or Slant rhymes): Words with any kind of sound similarity, from close to fairly remote.

Sound and Meaning

Rhythm and sound cooperate to produce the music of poetry

Onomatopoeia: Use of words which, at least supposedly, sound like what they mean.

The video below shows the examples of Onomatopoeia.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-BVwwKTjlI

Phonetic Intensives: Who sound, by a process as yet obscure, to some degree connects with their meaning.

Ex: Flame, Flare, Flash, Ficker, Flimmer. (Has initial fl sound)

You may choose to create effect that is

Euphonious: Smooth and pleasant sounding

Cacophonous: Rough and harsh sounding.

Synesthesia: The stimulation of two or more senses simultaneously.

Ex: “Blue” and “Buzz”

Pattern

Structure: The arrangement of ideas, images, thoughts, sentences

Form: External pattern on a poem

There are three broad kinds of forms

1)      Continuous: The element is slight; lines follow each other without formal grouping, the only breaks being dictated by units of meaning, as paragraphs are in prose.

2)      Stanzaic form: In a series of stanzas (repeated units having the same number of lines), usually the same metrical pattern.

l        Designated into 4 things

-         The rhyme scheme (If there is one)

-         The position of the refrain (If there is one)

-         The prevailing metrical foot

-         The number of feet in each line

3)      Fixed Form: The traditional pattern that applies to a whole poem

n        Limerick: Serves to illustrate the fiexed form in general. Pattern: aa^3 bb^2 a^3. Used often for humorous and nonsense verse (short lines, swift catchy meter, and emphatic rhymes)

n        Sonnet: 14 lines in length and almost always iambic pentameter.

-         Italain (Petrarchan) Sonnet: Usually devided between 8 lines (Octave), using two rhymes arranged abbaabba, and 6 lines (sestet) using arrangement of either 2 or 3 rhymes: Common ones are  cdcdcd and cdeecde

-         English (Shakespearean) Sonnet: Three quatrains and a concluding coplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg.

n        Villanelle: Only requires 2 rhyme sounds. (19 lines are divided into five three-line stanzas (tercets) and a four line concluding quatrain)

-         1^st and 3^rd of the first stanzas serve as refrain lines entwined with the rhyme pattern (The first line repeated at the ends of the second and the fourth stanzas- the third repeated at the ends of the third and fifth stanza)

-         Concluding Stanza: refrains are repeated as line 18 and 19.

The pattern is A^1 Ba^2 abA^1 abA^2 abA^1 abA^2 abA^1A^2

Evaluating Poem

To judge poems, ask these three questions:

1)      What is its central purpose?

-Needed to understand the poem

2)      How fully has this purpose been accomplished?

-Judges the poem on a scale of perfection

3)      How important is this purpose?

-Judges the poem on a scale of significance

In order for poem to be excellent, its combination of emotion, language, thought, and sound must be fresh and original.

3 ways in which a poem can fail to receive excellence.

1)      Sentimentality: Indulgence in emotion for its own sake, or expression of more emotion than an occasion warrants. “Tear-jerking” literature, aiming primarily at stimulating the emotions directly rather than at communicating experience truly and freshly. Depends on trite and well tried formulas for exciting emotion.

2)      Rhetorical: Uses a language more glittering and high flown than its substance warrants. Offers language that is without a corresponding reality of emotion or thought underneath. Often superficial and trite.

3)      Didactic: Has a primary purpose to teach or preach, communicating information or moral instruction only.

CAUTION to student: When making a judgment, be honest

Connections between this material and my own experience: When i was in 6th grade, my english teacher first introdced me to literary terms. Since i had only stayed in Amrica for 2 years that time, i had no ide what in the world she was talking about. My english teacher was very excited to teach me, however. She told me that it was her duty to make sure that every students in her class learn the english successfully. She taught me the words such as "style". She said that "style" was author's feelings or emotions toward the world or life. She also stated that authors often show one's "style" by using different word choices. In order to make sure that I understand this concept, she held an activity for our class, which was to write a short story about a slave girl back in 1600s. I, a 6th grader who wanted justice and freedom, immediately wrote a story about a slave girl named Jenny. i expressd my opinons of slavery in a form of Jenny. She, like me, wanted to be free, do anything, and to have fun. However, since she could not do that for she was slave. She was extremely mad about that; why couldn't she go to same school as her white friend who lived beside her? Why do white people treat her cruely? But Jenny was a sweet girl. She believed that only few people were mean, that there were many people who were like angels, kind. She viewed the world a great place to live. That's what i think about it, too. By Jenny, i was able to express my opinons about life. My 8th english teacher prasised my work in front of my classroom. Now whenever i have to write short stories, i will always think of Jenny

Works Cited

http://ezinearticles.com/?Alliteration,-Assonance-and-Consonance&id=675686: website that gives examples of consonance, alliteration, and consonance.

http://www.poewar.com/what-is-a-stanza/: website that gives definition of stanza

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-BVwwKTjlI : A video that shows examples of Onomatopoeia.

(P.S: I'm sorry if there are unnessary terms that i have listed. I missed one day of school and i feel that i missed the Mrs.Holmes listing the terms that we didn't have to discuss in this class note)

Outside Reading #1: Reflective essay 10.3.10

Reflective Essay

“Oh, brother, Glad You’re Still With Us” by Derek Alger.

Written on August 6^th. 2010

“Oh, brother, Glad You’re Still With Us” by Derek Alger is about how Alger’s brother was ran over by a van. Then it gives a detail about his brother’s life. After that, Alger explains how his brother hurt his leg and foot by a van.

In the beginning of the essay, Alger revealed that his mother said that whenever one of them was hurt, the injured one should call his brother and say “I’m okay” and then state what was wrong with him. When Alger came home from work, his brother called and said “I’m okay”, then saying that he was in the hospital. This seems to be flash-back. Since it reveals the past before the present event happens, thus making this story non-linear.

The tone of this essay seems to be emotional and personal. He created this tone by first mentioning his dead mom’s quote. Also, it gives details about how his brother was depressed for he would not be able to make enough livings to survive since he no longer could work.

Because of the tone, I have to say that I’m in favorable of this essay. It is personal and gives readers the feeling of emotional distressed person, thus giving sympathy to those. I can actually feel the pain of the author’s brother, who could no longer work because he was injured. I give my sympathy to him.

One of the strengths of this essay is diction. Alger uses some complex vocabulary. For example, he uses the word “he uses the word “envisioned” instead of predicted in the sentence “…he never envisioned what condition he would be in that night”, thus creating more vivid images than the word “predicted” will do. Also, His paragraphs consist of long sentences, thus creating a continuous flow to paragraphs. The only weakness that I found in this story was the lack of organizations. At first, the author talks about how he heard that his brother was injured. Then he stated that he remember quote of his friend, and then giving details to them. After that, the author told how his brother was injured, thus left me confused.
In the ending of the story, Alger states that he is just happy to be with his living brother. He does not predict what is going to happen next. Even though his leg and foot are injured, Alger’s brother states that since he can still drive, he is going back to his jobs within a week. Alger does not state whether his brother will succeed or not. Rather, he simply concludes the story with happiness of being with his brother. I think that Alger ended his story well.


This tone should not be appropriate for an AP essay since this piece is too personal and emotional. Essay can be personal and emotional, but not too much.

Outside Reading #1: Book review 10.10.10

Book Review

Birth Pang by Jeremy Groopman

October 3^rd. 2010.

Jeremy Groopman reviewed “Origins: How the Nine Months Before Birth Shape the Rest of Our Lives” by Annie Murphy Paul on October 3rd, 2010. In this review, he stated that this book shows how to eat and have a healthy lifestyle and that what people eat can influence babies’ health. It seems that he praises Paul for writing this wonderful book.

He introduces his review by telling the readers a story about him and his wife. He said that he had three children and were fortunate enough to have three healthy babies. But he had heard from physicians that those babies could not possibly pass all tests. However, when he learned that his new born baby had high Apgar score, meaning that his baby is in good condition, he and his wife believed that they had succeeded avoiding the danger of pregnancy.


The strength of this piece is imagery; Groopman had chosen the words well. For instance, he uses the sentence “…normal simmering anxieties of pregnancy to a neurotic boil”, thus comparing the increasing anxiety of people to boiling. It shows the vivid imagery to readers. Readers can actually imagine their anxieties being boiled.


One of the weaknesses that I found on this review can be found in the beginning of the review. He used “we”, which is first point of view, showing the informal part. In addition he switches from “you”, the second point of view, into “Younks”, which is a person’s last name and the third point of view. This switching of the point of views left me confusing. Also, he seems to use same words repetitively. For example, he used the word “initially” in her first page, thus not showing the new word to replace the word “initially” At last, he did not end his review good enough. He could have done better by ending his review with open questions or statement. Instead, he chose to put down the effects of the war that had on babies in the Six Day War between Arab and Israeli.

Upon reading this review, I have not found any connections between this and other course material or readings for I did not learn any prose type reading in previous literature classes.

His critical perspective seems to be New Historicism. For example, he compared Paul’s hypothesis to David Barker, who was a British physician in 1989 and stated that “…poor maternal nutrition put offspring at risk for heart disease decades later.” He also wrote down that Paul’s second child was boy, thus showing his interest of author’s background.

Overall, I laud Paul for writing this excellent review.  He uses good diction and various sentence structures. He offers his opinion of the books rather than putting reluctant examples.

Outside Reading #1: Editorial paper 10/10/10

Editorial: 10/10/10

“China emerges as a scapegoat in Campaign Advertisements”By David W. Chen. October 10th. 2010.

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/us/politics/10outsource.html?hp

In “China emerges as a scapegoat in Campaign Advertisements”, Chen states that Democrats and Republicans are blaming China for America’s economic crisis. He started his first sentence by saying that political parties have found scapegoats: The China. He argues that since the midterm election is coming up, both political parties are using China as a scapegoat to blame the unemployment rates that America currently faces.  Then he lists any examples to support his position.

Most of his examples are direct quotes from people. In one of the examples, he put the quote “China is a really easy scapegoat” said by Erika Franklin Fowler, who is a political science professor at WU (Wesleyan University). He also uses the static data. He uses the data from Pew Poll, saying that “... [Americans] are more and more convinced that China will dominate.”Another example of this is a quote of Joe Steaks, who says that Pat Tommey, a republican rival, “…[is] fighting for jobs-in China.”It seems that political candidates are using China to blame others, thus avoiding the blameless to themselves.

He also uses diction strongly. He decided to put the word “deplorable”instead of unfortunate and use “fraught”instead of stress, thus using more vivid images. Different sentence structures are also used. For instance, he started his first sentence with “with”instead of “Many Americans”. He also does not repeatedly use same words. One of his sentence starts with “In an ad featuring”and other sentence with “…began showing an ad”. He switched the word from featuring to showing, thus avoiding the repetition of words.

This piece’s strengths seem to be various examples, strong diction, and non-repetitive words. One weakness of the piece is Chen’s use of counterexamples. Chen put a quote of Mrs. Boxer, who said that Ms. Fiorina, HewlettPackard’s former chief executive, put many jobs to “Shanghai instead of San Jose, Bangalore instead of Burbank,”and of “proudly stamping her products ‘made in china.’”,   thus countering his example of political parties blaming solely on China. Also, he could have put his own opinions instead of putting various quotes from people. Also, the ending is not quite clear. He ended with Ms.McMahon, a republican, saying that she was not responsible for putting toy manufacturing jobs into China. He could have put something that give everyone something to think about, an universal question, perhaps.

Overall, I think that this paper is good. It has many solid arguments and it flows very well. It is very organized. Thus I made a conclusion that this piece of writing is appropriate for AP essay.

Class note #4: (10/4/10-10/8/10)

In AP English Literature and Composition Exam:  
The multiple choice questions: 45%. 1 hour to work on them. YOU DON’T NEED TO ANSWER EVERY SINGLE QUESTIONS CORRECT IN ORDER TO GET “5” ON AN EXAM.

The free response questions: 55%. 2 hours to work on them.

Multiple choice questions:
Some of the areas that multiple choice questions cover are

• The main idea
• The tone
• Vocabulary (APEnglish exams can also be seen as “Hidden vocabulary test”)
• The structure
• To draw inferences from the reading such as the purpose of the author.

Do not take too much time making notes. If you insist, try to stick to abbreviations, symbols, or keywords. Some of the things that you have to notice are: Titles, main ideas, patterns of organization, and significant diction.

Eliminate incorrect answers.

Trust your Guts. Look at picture below to see what i mean.


Notice that you are NOT looking for symbols, figures of speech, allusions, etc. Unless the question directs you to, do not look for them.

How to prepare for AP English Literature and Composition test:

• Study Vocabulary words
• Study literary terms
• Practice answering Multiple Choice questions.

FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS
They consist of poetry, prose, and requirements of you to choose a work and analyze it in the context of the question asked.

2 close readings consist of poetry and a prose and an open prompt.

About 40 minutes per free response question

You could write free response on two ways: block or point by point.

In block style, you would just write different paragraphs regarding to different matters.

In Point by Point style: Compare and contrast given poems A and B on one matter. Then in another paragraph, compare and contrast another matter) Can be used when some of parts can be easily compared

On close reading sections, you should note: title, narrative stance (point of view, characteristics of the narrator or speaker), significant (reveling of theme, character, tone, or author’s purpose), and patterns of organization.

Look for incongruity or “opposition” as well as congruity. Look for compare and contrast as well as similarity.

On open prompt, there might be questions about “ theme” or “how a given element of literature functions”

Preparation for Free response questions on AP Literature test:

• Read Hamlet and The Indivisible man and annotate and compare and contrast them.
• Practice answering Free Response questions.
• Review terms
• RTD (Read Think Discuss)
• Review book notes.

Don’t Stress out! You will do well on the exam!



Allusion:  Reference to something in history or previous literature (Means of suggesting far more than it says)
For example: My dad made my mom ate the red apple in the apple garden. This is biblical allusion to the Genesis; a snake tempted Eve to eat a fruit.
What we’ve done in class:

• Study Literary terms
• Critical Wiki test on Monday
• Wiki ratings due Wednesday. 10.6.10
• The Indifferent and The Love's Deity" compare and contrast due on Wednesday, 10.13.10

Class note#3: (9/27/10-10/01/10)

Syntax

Definition: The rules that govern how people put sentences

Some techniques to use:

1. Sentence Construction
2. Sentence Length
3. Sentence Variety
4. Tone

Those can create effects such as emotional

Most common order is Subject Verb object or Subject Verb Complement

Ex: I threw the ball.

Coordinating Conjunction:Conjunctions that connect. Ex:  FANBOYS (For, And, But, Or, Yet, So)

Ex: I was hungry and thirsty.

Subordinating conjunction:One is dominant and other s not. It joins the thought

(Dependent clauses)  Some of the Subordinating conjunction: after, before, although

Ex: I went to McDonalds although I was not hungry.

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htmis a great website that shows examples of Coordinating Conjunction and Subordinating Conjunction.

Compound sentence:Two independent clauses with a coordinator

Ex: I wanted to go to Pizza Hut, but my friends wanted to go to Burger King.

Complex Sentence:An independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses
Ex: The cat was drinking soda because it was very thirsty.
The picture below shows the thirsty cat.


Simple sentence: Sentence with an independent clause.

Ex: I ate the fried chicken.



Short sentences show more actions and ideas than longer sentences.

Ex: He shot his friend on the chest shows more actions than “Jake, who decided to shoot his friend, pulled the trigger.”

Present tense shows more actions and ideas than past tense.

Ex: I want to kiss you since it will feel like kissing hot chocolate conveys more action and idea than the sentence “I kissed you”

The picture below shows the gorgeous kissing scene.


Sentence fragments are used to create various effects such as lyrical and cumulative.

Ex: I hate you. I hate you. I hate you. That is why I want to shoot you. Run away. Run away.

Ing forms can make sentence active and forceful

Ex: Wanting to eat the squirrel, Drake attempted to catch it.

The passive voice is used to create impersonal tone, not clear responsibility, and delay part of information to create suspense.

Ex: Drake had been eaten, and no one knew who ate him.

Conjunctions are used to create smooth rhythm and sentence openers.

Ex: The monster did not eat Drake, but it claimed that he had eaten Drake.

Verbal can be used to open a sentence, to create suspense.

Ex: Grabbing the m-1M with swift motion, the solider open fired.


Interrogatives can be also used to create suspense.

Ex: The solider did not open fire at civilians for nothing, didn’t he?

Punctuations can be used to create a desired effect

Ex: He threw a piece of cheese at little girl!

Clarity

Definition: Be clear in your thoughts and words.

Say what you mean.

The picture bellows shows unclarity



Is the picture above trying to show that a child and a mother cannot cross the street? Or is it showing that a parent cannot hold a child’s hand?

Use active voice instead of passive voice

Ex: I drank the milk.

Use a single point of view

Ex: She drank the milk rather than “She drank the milk while I was sipping coke.”

Break long sentences into the easier to understand pieces.

Ex: People need to help build economy by working on jobs are better than “To establish stable economy, people need to work harder on their jobs even if they need work on weekend”

The Plain Style

You should use short verbs, short words, active verbs, and simple sentences

Ex: I ate the bread is clearer than “I, driven by hungriness, ate the bread.”

.It is good to avoid the official style

Official style:A dominance of nouns and an atrophy of verbs.  Especially used by bureaucracies ex: law

The Concision

Do not be wordy. Eliminate all the unnecessary words

Ex: In the drama series Office by BBC, Michael, the manager of the company, had to fire one employee to follow his boss’s order. -> Mark had to fire an employee

Rhetoric

My note for week 2 shows the definition and examples of rhetoric well.

http://www.apelit-okemos.spruz.com/pt/Jaeyong-Cho--92010--92410-/blog.htm


http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/clear_writing/how_to_write_clearly_en.pdfshows how to write clearly.
What we did in class?
We worked on syntax. diction, and imagery worksheets. We also read The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing.

Works cited

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm: a website that shows conjunctions

http://www.dvorak.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/funny-pictures-sick-cat-drinks-soda.jpg  A picture of a cat
http://www.goodexperience.com/broken/images/paris_sign.jpg : A picture with unclear sign

http://cellar.org/2006/LionKiss.jpg: A picture of lion kissing a woman

http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/clear_writing/how_to_write_clearly_en.pdf: A website that demonstrates how to write clearly

Nuts and Bolts of College Writing: definitions and examples of clarity, plain style, rhetoric, and concision.

The syntax note that Mrs. Holmes gave to us

Class note #2: (9/20/10-9/24/10)

You don’t have to memorize everything single literary potential structures. Study AP exam literary terms by clicking Quizlet on Spruz site, looking at Vocabulary words.

Perrine’s Literature:

Barbie doll by Marge Piercy: Feminism, women had to marry in order to the happy but marriage means dying. Can have more than one meaning.
The picture below is a picture of a barbie doll.
.

Sorting  Laundry by Elisavietta Ritchie: A woman missing her husband; has more positive attitude toward marriage.

Figure of speech; Anyway of saying something other than the ordinary way.

Similar and Metaphor are both used as a means of comparing things are essentially like.

Similar: The comparison is expressed by the use of some word or phrase, such as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems. Ex: Barrack Obama said “They talked about me like a dog”during the Labor Day rally on 2010.

Metaphor: The comparison is not expressed but is created when a figurative term is substituted for or identified with the literal term. Ex: I am the thunder

http://www.newton.k12.ks.us/sch/w/start/metaphors_similes.htm shows some great examples of similar and metaphor.

Personifications: Giving the attributes of a human being to an animal an object or a concept. (Subtype of Metaphor)
The video below is an example of personification



Synecdoche: The use of the part for the whole.

Metronymic: The use of something closely related for the thing actually meant

Symbol: Something that means morethan what it is

Allegory: Narrative or description that has a second meaning beneath the surface. Dimmesdale, one of the main characters of the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, stands for all of the people who do not confess their sins. He suffered because he did not confess his sins to townspeople.

Paradox: Apparent contradiction that is nevertheless somehow true
http://www.examplesof.com/paradox.html shows some examples of paradox.

Overstatement (Hyperbole): Simply exaggeration, but exaggeration in the service of truth. Ex: Brittney, one of my friends, said that she was going to die because the orange chickens in Panda Express tasted so bad.

Understatement: Saying less than one means. Ex: When I ate a big piece of cheese berry cake last month, I said that it was a very tiny crumb.

Irony: Meanings that extend beyond its use merely as a figure of speech. It is neither mean nor kind. It is simply a devise.
The picture below is an example of irony
 
Verbal Irony: Saying the opposite of what one means. Ex: When I learned that my girlfriend cheated on me, I called her on the phone and said “You are an honest girl.”

Dramatic Irony: Discrepancy is not between what the speaker says and what the speaker means but between what the speaker says and what the poem means.

Irony of situation: Discrepancy exists between the actual circumstances and those that would seem appropriate or between what one anticipates and what actually comes to pass. Ex: In the Scarlett Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Dimmesdale, one of the main characters, declared to the people that he was a sinner. He expected townspeople to hate him but they respected him instead.

You can test your knowledge of these three ironies by taking a quiz at http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=different-types-irony

Satire: More formal term, usually appropriate to written literature rather than to speech and ordinarily implying; it is ridicule (either bitter or gentle) of human folly or vice, with the purpose of bringing about reform or at least of keeping other people from falling into similar folly or vice.
The picture below is an example of satire

 

Rhetoric

Rhetoric= Art of Communication.

The Rhetorical situation= Context for art of communication= situation in which the communication takes place and a smart essayist, etc who needs to communicate something will always try to analyze the rhetorical situation before beginning to compose a message. This analysis will lead to a plan.

Elements of Rhoetoric:

Subject: What is your topic?

Purpose: What do you want to get out of this? Why are you engaged in this communication? (Persuade, inform, etc.)

Audience: Who exactly, do you imagine will receive this communication?

Speaker: What kind of a person do you want to seem like as you send this message?

Argument

Argument: One way to accomplish the goal of persuasion.

Persuasion: Purpose for communication.

Argument is a technique we can use to accomplish the purpose of communication.

Three types of Arguments:

Ethos(Ehtics):Appeals to our morality, our sense of right and wrong.

The picture below is an example of Ethos

 

Logos (Logic):Logical arguments are constructed according to certain rules and appeal to our intellect.

Emotional (Pathos):Appeals to feelings (Love, hate, etc.)

Thesis:One main point.

Claim:An assertion (an idea that is not a simple fact) Should be used to support your thesis.

Warrant:Explanation of your reasoning that shows what your evidence means

Evidence:Facts that show that your claims are reasonable.

Necessary:Something that can’t be ignored.

Sufficient:“Enough” when the condition of sufficiency is met. You have done enough to make your case.

Few types of Arguments:

Proposal argument

Cause & effect argument

Argument of evaluation

Argument of fact

Argument of definition

 Works Cited 

http://munshigi.com/images/Barbie%20Doll.jpg= barbie doll picture

:

http://www.newton.k12.ks.us/sch/w/start/metaphors_similes.htm= a site that shows example of simile and metaphor

http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Everyone%20Else/images-4/child-slave.jpg= "child carrying heavy thing" picture

http://www.youtube.com/watchv=m56F4EKN9hg&feature=related= Personification video

Petri, Alexandra. “Why don’t we talk Barack Obama ‘like a dog’” The Washington posts. N.p., 7 Sep. 2010. Web. 20 Sep. 2010.= an example of simile

http://platform.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/atlasthelparrives.jpg= a picture of UN soliders.

http://www.dailyhaha.com/_pics/peace_irony.jpg= a picture that shows the yellow-shirt guy attacking the crowd

http://www.examplesof.com/paradox.html= a site with paradox examples

Class note #1: (9/13/10-9/17/10)

We went to the lab on 9/13/10 to work on the Wiki and close reading section

(9/14/10-9/17/10) 

Poetry:Language condensed to artistic effect. People have used it for centuries for universal language. It takes more time to explain it than read it. It is the most difficult yet rewarding literature of all times.

If people take more time read something than to explain it, it is a prose.

Example of poem:I, too, sing America.

It takes more time to explain it than to read it

The poem itself: http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15615

Ex: Meaning of the poem: http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/poets/langston_hughes/poems/16945

Example of prose: Too kill a mocking bird by Harper Lee. It takes longer to read it than to explain what it means.

There is no correct answer in the Literature! There is no more guided tour anymore. Now we are in the wilderness, looking for the answers.

We analyzed the poem “Hidden meaning” by Dabney Stuart by doing the activity called Fish bowl. We saw molestation, autoerotism, and castration in the poem. In the end, we figure out that Stuart is criticizing roles of men and women in fairy tales. Men have to work hard and defeat huge monsters while women have to do wait for the prince charming.

Perrine’s Literature, Ch.2: Questions that you should ask while reading the poem:

1. Who is the speaker?
2. What is the setting in place?
3. What is the central purpose of the poem?
4. What is the occasion?

http://www.shmoop.com/poetry/how-to-read-poem/how-to-read.html is the great website to learn more about reading poetry.

Diction: Words choice that some authors use to create feelings of their works.

 Denotation:Dictionary meaning or meanings of the word.

 Connotation:Things that suggest beyond what it expresses.

 For example, let’s use the word “thin”

       Gaunt     Skinny                  Thin           Slender             Svelte

<------------------------------------------0------------------------------------------->

   Pejorative or negative feeling towards the Gaunt
Ex: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/84/250159223_4c0f005be4.jpg

Honorific or positive feelings towards the Svelte
Ex: http://www.rottentoons.com/images/cartoon-tutorial.jpg

Concreteness versus Abstraction.

Authors can use specific or vague words, depend on situations.
Ex: Clothes -> Pants -> jeans -> Levis
Too much abstraction is not good.

Let’s use the phrase “Girl danced as if she was caught on the fire” as an example
If we say girl’s clothes caught on the fire, it would be no longer funny. If we put jeans of clothes, it would get more specific. If we substitute jeans instead of clothes, we can create an image of girl’s jean caught on fire. However, if we put Levis, it would no longer be serious. Instead, it would be funny.

Precision:How specific should be the word be? “Good” or “Nice” contain no specific concept. It can be vague.
Ex: If I were to solve math problem correctly, my math teacher would say “Good job!” instead of “It’s about time! You’ve been calling out the wrong answers for weeks now.”

Elevation Versus Colloquialism: Different people have different meanings and levels for this. Let’s use slang and epic diction for example
Slang <---------------------------------------------------------> Epic Diction
 Colloquialism language (ex: What’s up, dawg)            Elevated language (ex: How are you doing, sir? )

Epic diction is used in important speeches such as Novel Prize speech or inaugural speech.

Slang is everyday use words.

Dialect, Jargon, Regionalism, etc.

Dialect:Language said by people in broad areas. Ex: In Southern areas, people say “y’all” instead of you all.

Regionalism:Words said by people in specific regions. Ex: When I moved to Tallahassee, Florida, the phrase “ain’t” was used. It is a shorten version of don’t. When I said “I ain’t have pencils. Can I borrow one? ” to a girl when I went to Oregon, she had no idea what I just said.

Jargon:Specialized language of profession. Ex: military’s jargon and cooker’s jargon are different.

             Imagery: Representation though language of sense experience.

Types of Imagery: 1) Visual imagery (vision, image) 2) Auditory imagery (sound) 3) Olfactory imagery (smell) 4) Gustatory imagery (taste) 5) Tactile imagery (heat and cold) 6) Organic energy (internal sensation such as hunger) 7) Kinesthetic imagery (Movement or tension in the muscles or joints)

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/imagery-examples.html shows some great examples of imagery.

Homework:Read and analysis “Kitchenette building” poem. Worked on finding imagery and diction with a partner. Comment on one aspect of both “The widow’s lament” and “The naming of parts”.